網誌分類:投資 - 衍生產品 |
若投資者想知道投資銀行為什麼能接近無風險地發行期權(或認股證),必需從Black Scholes Equation入手。
首先,我們設定股票價格服從幾何布朗運動(Geometric Brownian Motion)
Equation (1)

S = 股價
dS = 股價的瞬間變動
μ = 股票的瞬間期望報酬
t = 時間
dt = 時間的瞬間變動
σ = 股票的瞬間波動度
W = Wiener Process
dW = W的瞬間變化。簡單來說,dW是一個符合常態分配(Normal Distribution)的隨機變數
其次,設定V是期權價格,其價值為股票價格(S)及時間(t)的函數,即V = V(S,t)。
根據Ito’s Lemma
Equation (2)

同時,我們設定一個投資組合
Equation (3)

S = 股價
V = 期權價格
−∂V/∂S = 用作對沖期權的股票數量 (delta)
(以上的投資組合一般稱為 delta hedging portfolio)
由於delta hedging portfolio是動態的,會隨時間不斷改變。所以,需要以時間微分一次
Equation (4)

然後,將 equation (1)及equation (2)代入equation (4),得出
Equation (5)

在合理的預期下,delta hedging portfolio的投資回報應最少等於市場上無風險資產同一時期的投資回報( r ),所以
Equation (6)

最後,將 equation (3) 代入equation (6),得出Black Scholes PDE

從以上Black Scholes PDE看到, dW (符合Normal Distribution的隨機變數)已經消去。因此,期權的定價將不受任何機率的影響。簡單來說,若投資銀行能維持delta hedging portfolio (調控用作對沖期權的股票數量 = delta hedging),便能無風險地發行期權(或認股證)。
(待續)


傲翔 2006-07-13 22:30
Yes, you are right. As I know, the prime brokers (who provide securities to cover short sales, make margin loans, clear trades, provide reporting services and custody assets, provide research, and help with money rising etc) are direct beneficiary of the growth of the hedge-fund industry. They are now major and cherished profit contributor in ibank.
Smarttrader 2006-07-12 22:44
Private equity, service fee from hedge funds, underwriting and proprietary trading combined is the main source of revenue for investment banks.
To be a successful investment bankers, all you need is very strong and wide customers network. Ballooning buy-outs funds, like BlackStone, make huge profit on acquisitions and re-structure the buy-out target by de-merger.
Smarttrader 2006-07-12 21:56